Reference Tables

Quick reference guides for password requirements, character codes, and security comparisons. All tables are printable for offline use.

Password Requirements by Platform

Minimum password requirements for major platforms including Google, Apple, Microsoft, and banks.

Compare SHA-256, SHA-512, MD5, bcrypt, and other hashing algorithms by security and speed.

Complete reference of printable ASCII characters with decimal, hex, and binary values.

Which special characters are accepted by major platforms and services.

Compare SMS, authenticator apps, hardware keys, and other two-factor authentication methods.

Calculate password entropy by length and character set to understand security strength.

Learn which password patterns are easily cracked and should be avoided.

Compare popular password managers by features, security, and pricing.

Compare AES, ChaCha20, RSA, and elliptic curve encryption algorithms.

Timeline of significant data breaches and their impact on password security.

Compare DV, OV, and EV SSL certificates by validation level and use case.

Red flags to identify phishing emails, websites, and messages.

Compare WireGuard, OpenVPN, IKEv2, and other VPN protocols.

Compare OAuth 2.0, OpenID Connect, and SAML authentication protocols.

Compare YubiKey, Google Titan, Nitrokey, and other FIDO2 security keys.